![]() ![]() Graph (hypnogram) representing changes of sleep stages in the course of night in a depressed patient. The ratio of the intensity of rapid eye movements phasic activity (number and duration of rapid eye movements) to duration of REM sleep, e.g., can be expressed as number of rapid eye movements per minute of REM sleep. Total duration in minutes and as percentage relative to total sleep time of sleep stage REM. Reduced values are typically below 65 min in young and 50 min. The number of minutes from the onset of sleep to the onset of the first REM sleep period. The ratio of slow wave sleep in the first and second sleep cycle. The amount of stage N3 decreases with older age, normal values are around 10% for elderly and 20–25% for young subjects. Total duration in minutes and as percentage relative to total sleep time of sleep stage N3. The total time scored as awake occurring after the sleep onset. Normal values are typically above 90% in young and above 85% in elderly patients. The ratio of total sleep time to time in bed expressed as a percentage of time spent asleep during the recording period. In insomnia research as shortened sleep time are considered usually values below 6.5 h in young and below 6 h in elderly patients (these values are not applicable to short sleepers) This is equal to the time in bed less the awake time. The total time spent asleep during the sleep episode. Normal values are typically below 30 min in young and below 45 min in elderly patients. Time from start of the recording (“lights out”) to the onset of sleep. We also summarize recent data which has shaped our personal view on the use of antidepressants in treating insomnia in depressed and non-depressed subjects. The aim of this review article is to summarize the literature published in recent years on how antidepressants affect sleep, as an addition to our and previous reviews on this topic. Among the most common side effects of antidepressants and residual symptoms leading to incomplete remission from depression are those related to sleep. The most neglected pharmacological needs in the treatment of depression are the lack of early-onset response to the treatment, the moderate response and low remission rate to the first antidepressant trial, and side effects which frequently cause treatment non-compliance. ![]() Despite its frequent occurrence, high likelihood of a chronic course, negative impact on quality of life and ability to work, and strong association with an increased suicide risk, the available treatment options for depression are still not satisfactory for many patients. doi:10.1097/WNF.Depression is a severe and common mental disorder with 12-month prevalence as high as 3.2% in subjects without comorbid physical disease and 9.3 to 23.0% in subjects with chronic medical conditions. Assessing and reporting the adverse effects of antipsychotic medication: A systematic review of clinical studies, and prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional research. A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.05.011īloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Kelmendi B, Coric V, Bracken MB, Leckman JF. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. Symptom structure of antipsychotic-induced obsessive compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia patients. ![]() Antipsychotic augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_519_18ĭold M, Aigner M, Lanzenberger R, Kasper S. Antipsychotic augmentation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Practical strategies for pharmacological and somatic treatment in adults. Treatment non-response in OCD: methodological issues and operational definitions. Pallanti S, Hollander E, Bienstock C, et al. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, et al. Psychopharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and residual symptoms after cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): a randomized controlled trial. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. ![]() Koran LM, Hanna GL, Hollander E, Nestadt G, Simpson HB, American Psychiatric Association. Pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. ![]()
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